• Purpose & Use

  • A non-rebreather mask (NRM) is a high-flow oxygen delivery device used in emergencies or critical care to deliver high concentrations of oxygen (60–100%).

  • Commonly used for patients with severe hypoxia, respiratory distress, or trauma.

  • Designed to prevent exhaled air from mixing with oxygen, ensuring maximum oxygen delivery.

• Structure & Components

  • Mask: fits over the nose and mouth with a soft, flexible cushion for comfort and minimal leakage.

  • Reservoir bag: attached to the mask, holds a supply of oxygen for inhalation.

  • One-way valves:

    • Between the mask and reservoir bag to allow inhalation of pure oxygen.

    • On exhalation ports to prevent rebreathing of exhaled air.

  • Elastic straps: secure the mask to the patient’s face.

  • Oxygen tubing connector: attaches to oxygen sources or flowmeters.

• Performance & Flow Rate

  • Delivers high oxygen concentrations (up to 100%) when properly fitted.

  • Requires oxygen flow of 10–15 L/min to keep the reservoir inflated and ensure effectiveness.

  • One-way valves prevent rebreathing of CO₂, unlike simple masks.

• Advantages

  • Provides maximum oxygen delivery in emergencies without intubation.

  • Simple, lightweight, and easy to apply.

  • Rapidly increases oxygen saturation in hypoxic patients.

  • Disposable and single-patient use reduces infection risk

Indications / Uses

Normal Saline is commonly used for:

• Dehydration

• Shock / hypovolemia

• Fluid maintenance

• Dilution of IV medications

• Flushing IV lines

• Blood transfusion compatibility

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (initial fluid)

• Sodium depletion (hyponatremia)

• Replacing gastrointestinal fluid loss

Contraindications / Use with Caution

• Heart failure (risk of fluid overload)

• Kidney failure (risk of sodium and fluid retention)

• Hypernatremia

• Edema

• Metabolic acidosis (Normal saline may worsen acidosis)

Key Features

• Small, soft nasal prongs
  Two gentle curved tips fit comfortably into a child’s small nostrils without causing irritation.

• Flexible, lightweight tubing
  Made of soft medical-grade PVC designed to rest easily over the ears and under the chin, minimizing pressure and improving comfort.

• Kink-resistant tube design
  Often features star-lumen or ribbed tubing that prevents collapse, ensuring uninterrupted oxygen flow.

• Universal oxygen connector
  The distal end connects to standard oxygen outlets on concentrators, cylinders, and wall flow meters.

• Comfort-focused design
  Less intrusive than a mask, allowing the child to talk, drink, sleep, and play with minimal restriction.

How It Works

Oxygen travels from the supply source through the tubing and is delivered gently through the nasal prongs. The child inhales the oxygen-enriched air naturally with each breath.

Typical Flow Rates

• Commonly used for 0.25–4 liters per minute, depending on age and medical need

• Provides low to moderate oxygen concentrations suitable for stable or mildly distressed pediatric patients

Common Uses

• Asthma and wheezing episodes

• Pneumonia and chest infections

• Bronchiolitis

• Mild to moderate hypoxia

• Post-operative oxygen support

• Long-term home oxygen therapy for chronic lung disease

Benefits

• Comfortable for prolonged use

• Allows eating, speaking, and movement

• Less intimidating for children than a face mask

• Reduces the risk of claustrophobia or distress

• Purpose & Use

  • Paraffin gauze is a sterile dressing used for wounds that need a non-adherent, protective covering.

  • Commonly used for burns, skin grafts, donor sites, abrasions, and post-surgical wounds.

  • Helps prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound, reducing pain during dressing changes.

• Material & Properties

  • Made of sterile gauze impregnated with soft paraffin (petrolatum).

  • Sometimes coated with antibacterial agents depending on the product.

  • Soft, flexible, and conforms easily to the wound surface.

  • Provides a moist environment, which aids in wound healing.

• Size & Packaging

  • Standard size: 10 × 10 cm, suitable for small to medium wounds.

  • Pack contains 10 individually folded or stacked sheets, typically sterile-wrapped.

• Advantages

  • Non-adherent, minimizing trauma and pain during dressing changes.

  • Maintains moist wound environment, promoting faster healing.

  • Can be cut to size for irregularly shaped wounds.

  • Flexible and easy to apply over various wound surfaces.

• Usage Guidelines

  • Open sterile packaging and place paraffin side directly over the wound.

  • Cover with a secondary absorbent dressing if needed.

  • Change dressing as recommended by a healthcare provider, typically every 24–48 hours, or when saturated.

  • Always practice aseptic technique to prevent infection.

• Common Applications

  • Burns: first- and second-degree burns to prevent adherence and reduce pain.

  • Skin graft donor sites: protects delicate tissue during healing.

  • Post-surgical wounds: prevents dressing from sticking and reduces trauma.

  • Minor abrasions or lacerations: keeps wound protected while maintaining moisture.