• Purpose & Use

  • A non-rebreather mask (NRM) is a high-flow oxygen delivery device used in emergencies or critical care to deliver high concentrations of oxygen (60–100%).

  • Commonly used for patients with severe hypoxia, respiratory distress, or trauma.

  • Designed to prevent exhaled air from mixing with oxygen, ensuring maximum oxygen delivery.

• Structure & Components

  • Mask: fits over the nose and mouth with a soft, flexible cushion for comfort and minimal leakage.

  • Reservoir bag: attached to the mask, holds a supply of oxygen for inhalation.

  • One-way valves:

    • Between the mask and reservoir bag to allow inhalation of pure oxygen.

    • On exhalation ports to prevent rebreathing of exhaled air.

  • Elastic straps: secure the mask to the patient’s face.

  • Oxygen tubing connector: attaches to oxygen sources or flowmeters.

• Performance & Flow Rate

  • Delivers high oxygen concentrations (up to 100%) when properly fitted.

  • Requires oxygen flow of 10–15 L/min to keep the reservoir inflated and ensure effectiveness.

  • One-way valves prevent rebreathing of CO₂, unlike simple masks.

• Advantages

  • Provides maximum oxygen delivery in emergencies without intubation.

  • Simple, lightweight, and easy to apply.

  • Rapidly increases oxygen saturation in hypoxic patients.

  • Disposable and single-patient use reduces infection risk

• Purpose & Use

  • A paediatric non-rebreather mask is used to deliver high concentrations of oxygen (60–100%) to children and infants experiencing severe hypoxia, respiratory distress, or trauma.

  • Designed to prevent exhaled air from mixing with supplied oxygen, ensuring maximum oxygen delivery to the patient.

• Target Patient Population

  • Sized specifically for neonates, infants, and children.

  • Fits appropriately to cover the nose and mouth of smaller patients without excessive dead space.

• Structure & Components

  • Mask: soft, flexible material to ensure comfort and minimal leakage.

  • Reservoir bag: smaller than adult versions, stores oxygen for inhalation.

  • One-way valves:

    • Between the mask and reservoir bag to allow inhalation of oxygen only.

    • On exhalation ports to prevent CO₂ rebreathing.

  • Elastic or Velcro straps: adjustable to secure mask on a child’s face.

  • Oxygen tubing connector: connects to an oxygen source.

• Performance & Flow Rate

  • Provides high oxygen concentration (up to 100%) when properly fitted.

  • Oxygen flow typically 10–15 L/min for older children, and 5–10 L/min for infants depending on size.

  • One-way valves prevent rebreathing of CO₂.

• Advantages

  • Rapidly increases oxygen saturation in paediatric patients.

  • Simple and effective high-flow oxygen delivery without intubation.

  • Disposable, reducing the risk of cross-contamination.

  • Lightweight and easy to apply to small patients.

• Usage Guidelines

  • Ensure proper fit to minimize leaks.

  • Connect to appropriate high-flow oxygen source based on patient size.

  • Monitor oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and comfort continuously.

  • Check that the reservoir bag remains partially inflated during inspiration.

  • Used as a short-term intervention until more definitive airway support is available if needed.

Indications / Uses

Normal Saline is commonly used for:

• Dehydration

• Shock / hypovolemia

• Fluid maintenance

• Dilution of IV medications

• Flushing IV lines

• Blood transfusion compatibility

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (initial fluid)

• Sodium depletion (hyponatremia)

• Replacing gastrointestinal fluid loss

Contraindications / Use with Caution

• Heart failure (risk of fluid overload)

• Kidney failure (risk of sodium and fluid retention)

• Hypernatremia

• Edema

• Metabolic acidosis (Normal saline may worsen acidosis)