medical-grade black and white printer designed for printing ultrasound images and other medical scans. It delivers high-quality thermal prints suitable for patient records and reports.

Principle of Measurement

1. Urease–GLDH Method (Enzymatic UV)

(Most widely used, highly specific)

How it works:

1. Urease enzyme hydrolyzes urea → ammonia + carbon dioxide.

2. Ammonia reacts with α-ketoglutarate in the presence of GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase).

3. NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺, causing a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm.

4. The rate of absorbance decrease is proportional to urea concentration.

Advantages:

• Very specific

• Minimal interference

• Ideal for automated chemistry analyzers

2. Berthelot (Indophenol) Colorimetric Method

(Common in semi-auto analyzers)

How it works:

1. Urease converts urea to ammonia.

2. Ammonia reacts with phenol and hypochlorite → blue indophenol dye.

3. Absorbance measured at 580–600 nm.

Advantages:

• Stable color formation

• Suitable for manual and semi-automatic systems

3. Diacetyl Monoxime (DAM) Method (Older method)

Forms a yellow complex; used mainly in research.

Reagent Components

Urease–GLDH Reagents May Contain:

• Urease enzyme

• GLDH enzyme

• NADH

• α-ketoglutarate

• Buffer solution

• Surfactants and stabilizers

• Preservatives

Berthelot Reagents May Contain:

• Phenol

• Sodium nitroprusside

• Hypochlorite

• Buffer solution

Packaging Formats

• Two-reagent systems (R1 buffer + R2 enzyme)

• Single-reagent kits (less common)

• Analyzer-specific liquid cartridges

Typical volumes: 25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml.

Key Features & Specifications

• User Interface: 7‑inch colour touch-screen operation.

• Optical/Measurement System:

  • Light source: Halogen lamp, 6 V/10 W.

  • Wavelengths available: 340 nm, 405 nm, 492 nm, 510 nm, 546 nm, 578 nm, 630 nm, 700 nm.

  • Absorbance range: ‑0.3 to 4.0 Abs.

  • Flow cell: 10 mm quartz cell, volume ~32 µL.

• Methods Supported: Endpoint, kinetic, two‑point kinetic, dual wavelength, ABS.

• Sampling Volume: Adjustable 100 µL to 9,999 µL (recommended ≥ 500 µL).

• Incubation Positions: 8 inner incubation positions.

• Memory Capacity: Up to 300 test items and ~30,000 test results.

• Physical Size (approx): 362.5 mm × 341 mm × 165 mm (L × W × H).

• Power / Operating Environment: AC 110–220 V, 50 Hz; ambient temperature 10 °C–32 °C; humidity up to 85%.

• Other Features: Supports barcode reader; built‑in thermal printer; multiple interface ports (USB, RJ‑45, etc.).